Turk J Agric For 30 (2006) 387-398 © TÜB‹TAK
Agro-Morphological Characterization of Some Wild Wheat (Aegilops L. and Triticum L.) Species
Alptekin KARAGÖZ, Necmi P‹LANALI, Turgay POLAT Central Research Institute for Field Crops, P.O. Box: 226, 06042 Ankara - TURKEY
Received: 20.03.2006
Abstract: Wild wheat (Aegilops L. and Triticum L.) populations were collected from different regions of Turkey and characterized for 5 basic traits, in order to study their agro-morphological characteristics and variation among populations. Material of the study consisted of 112 populations of wild wheat and 12 populations of cultivated wheat. Cultivated einkorn (T. monococcum L. subsp. monococcum) and cultivated emmer (T. turgidum L. subsp. dicoccon (Shrank) Thell.) were used as checks for Triticum species. Among the Aegilops material studied, Ae. tauschii Coss. var. meyeri (Griseb. ex Ledeb.) has not been defined in the flora of Turkey before and is characterized agromorphologically for the first time in this study. Materials were transplanted to Haymana-Ankara Research Farm of the Central Research Institute for Field Crops after being germinated in a greenhouse in fall 2002. Populations were characterized for plant height, number of days to heading, growth habit, number of stems per plant and spike length. All observations and measurements were performed on the same randomly selected plants. Mean values and coefficient of variation were computed for all the populations. The highest variation was recorded for number of stems, while the lowest was for plant habit. Clusters based on a Euclidian similarity matrix ranked the species according to the sections they are located in. Considerable variation was observed, even between populations collected from nearby sites. It was concluded that existing ex-situ conservation programs should take into consideration that fact by sampling over short distances in order to capture as much of the variation as possible.
Key Words: Wild wheat, Aegilops, Triticum, characterization, variation
Kimi Yabani Bu¤day (Aegilops L. ve Triticum L.) Türlerinin Agro-Morfolojik Karakterizasyonu
Özet: Yabani bu¤day (Aegilops L. ve Triticum L) populasyonlar› Türkiye’nin de¤iflik bölgelerinden toplanarak, befl temel özelli¤i ve populasyonlar aras› farkl›l›klar› ortaya koymak amac›yla agro-morfolojik yönden karakterize edilmifltir. Bu¤day›n 112 yabani ve 12 kültür örne¤i bu çal›flman›n materyalini oluflturmufltur. Yabani siyez (T. monococcum L. subsp. monococcum) ve yabani gernik (T. turgidum L. subsp. dicoccon (Shrank) Thell.) örnekleri, Triticum türleri için kontrol olarak kullan›lm›flt›r. Materyal içinde yer alan Ae. tauschii Coss. var. meyeri (Griseb. ex Ledeb.) türü Türkiye’nin floras›nda daha önce tan›mlanmam›fl olup ilk kez bu çal›flmayla agromorfolojik karakterizasyonu yap›lm›flt›r. Tohum örnekleri 2002 y›l› sonbahar›nda serada çimlendirildikten sonra, Tarla Bitkileri Merkez Araflt›rma Enstitüsü’nün Haymana’daki Araflt›rma ve Üretme Çiftli¤ine dikilmifltir. Populasyonlar bitki boyu, baflaklanma gün say›s›, geliflme formu, bitki bafl›na sap say›s› ve baflak uzunluklar› bak›m›ndan karakterize edilmifltir. Tüm ölçüm ve gözlemler, rastgele seçilen 5 bitki üzerinde yürütülmüfltür. Her populasyon için ortalamalar ve varyasyon katsay›lar› hesaplanm›flt›r. En yüksek de¤iflim katsay›s› sap say›s›nda, en düflü¤ü ise geliflme formunda bulunmufltur. Kümeleme Analizi türlerin kendi özel gruplar›nda yer ald›¤›n› göstermifl, birbirine çok yak›n alanlardan toplanan örnekler aras›nda bile farkl›l›klar oldu¤u saptanm›flt›r. Bu durumda ex-situ koruma programlar›n›n mümkün olan en genifl varyasyonu yakalayabilmeleri için k›sa mesafelerde örnekleme yapmalar›n›n gerekli oldu¤u sonucuna var›lm›flt›r.
Anahtar Sözcükler: Yabani bu¤day, Aegilops, Triticum, karakterizasyon, de¤iflim
* Correspondence to: alptekinkaragoz@yahoo.com
387Agro-Morphological Characterization of Some Wild Wheat (Aegilops L. and Triticum L.) Species
Introduction
Rapid changes in climatic and environmental conditions constitute significant threats to cultivated crops for adaptation to newly emerging conditions. Due to universal problems such as air and soil pollution, depletion of the ozone layer, and global warming, it is inevitable that popular cultivars of today are not likely to be able to cope with these challenges in the near future. Stress conditions played a major role in the evolution of living things. Wild relatives of cultivated crops that have been sustaining under intensive stress conditions for thousand of years, by modifying themselves to adapt to newly emerging conditions, constitute a considerable source (Nevo et al., 2002). Present conditions call for urgent measures. The study of plant material with desired traits through characterization programs is an essential step for effective utilization of crop germplasm.
Long before the development of sophisticated methods for gene introgression between wild and cultivated, Gökgöl (1935) reported that northern European countries had already begun to test the wild relatives in their breeding programs.
Playing a significant role in feeding the world population, wheat is considered a fundamental crop. Wheat is assumed to have originated from the Fertile Crescent (Harlan, 1981). Wild relatives of wheat are quite widespread in Turkey, especially in the southeast. It is agreed that diploid wheat was first cultivated in Karacada¤, which is located in southeast Turkey, and soon dispersed to the other parts of the world (Heun et al., 1997; Diamond, 1997; Nesbit and Samuel, 1998; Lev- Yadun et al., 2000). Triticum L. and Aegilops L. have several species in 3 ploidy levels, namely diploid (2n = 14), tetraploid (2n = 28) and hexaploid (2n = 42). Davis (1985) reported that 16 Aegilops and 4 wild Triticum species exist in Turkey. Kimber and Feldman (1987) state that the number of wild wheat relatives is 27 in the world, 20 of which are in Turkey. Having adapted to a variety of harsh conditions accompanied by heavy grazing by domestic animals, wild wheat species have sustained their diversity to date.
The evolution of modern wheat and the relation with Aegilops species have been the concern of many scientists for many years. Three genomes, namely A, B (S) and D, took part in the evolution of modern wheats. The donor of the A genome is assumed to be T. urartu (Valkoun et al., 1997; Gitte et al., 2006). The donor of the B genome
has also been a matter of discussion among scientists. It was claimed by Dvorák (1998) that the B genome is related to the genome of Ae. speltoides. Recently, Gitte et al. (2006) declared that the hitherto enigmatic B genome is derived from Ae. speltoides and the A genome is derived from T. urartu. There is full consensus on the donor of the D genome, which is Ae. tauschii (Kimber and Feldman, 1987; Waines, 1997; Gitte et al., 2006).
The genus Aegilops (except Aegilops mutica Boiss.) consists of 5 sections: Sitopsis (6 spp.), Aegilops (8 spp.), Vertebrata (5 spp.), Cylindropyrum (2 spp.) and Comopyrum (2 spp.) (Van Slageren, 1994).
Kün (1979) agro-morphologically characterized and evaluated some pathological and technological characteristics of 222 wild wheat species. The study was performed under the following 5 headings: (1) evolution and nomenclature of wheat, (2) studies to give male sterility characteristics to wheat, (3) role of wild wheat in gaining disease resistance, (4) role of wild wheat in giving quality traits to wheat, and (5) capability of wild wheat in natural vegetation. In that study, it was reported that all populations of Ae. speltoides var. speltoides, Ae. speltoides var. ligustica and Ae. biuncialis were resistant to yellow rust; plant height ranged between 26.8 (Ae. umbelleulata) and 97.7 cm (Ae. mutica); spike length ranged between 27.2 (Ae. umbellulata) and 273.1 mm (Ae. mutica); and protein content of the species was up to 32.6% (Ae. umbellulata).
Peflkircio¤lu (1996) characterized and evaluated 13 Aegilops and 3 wild Triticum species of Turkish origin for their agro-morphological, pathological, and quality traits. Among the material, plant height ranged between 16.6 (Ae. juvenalis) and 112.0 cm (Ae. mutica); spike length ranged between 2.4 (Ae. ovata) and 23.3 cm (Ae. mutica); protein content ranged between 19.9% (Ae. speltoides) and 26.2% (Ae. juvenalis).
Wild relatives of crops play a significant role in the development of cultivars with desired characteristics. Srivastava and Damania (1989) reported that wild relatives provide valuable genes for disease resistance, high protein content, tillering, drought resistance and other economically desirable attributes. Lange and Balkema-Boomstra (1988) stated that progenitors of cultivated species should be considered an important source of variability for breeding genetic bases of cultivated crops. Efficient utilization of these species requires detailed knowledge of their genetic, cytogenetic and agromorphological characteristics.
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A. KARAGÖZ, N. P‹LANALI, T. POLAT
The primary aim of this study was to examine the agromorphological characteristics of wild wheat species (Aegilops and Triticum) including the primary relatives that have a potential to be used in breeding programs.
Materials and Methods
The material consisted of 124 wheat populations, 112 of which were collected in marginal areas of southeast and east Turkey. Scientific names of the experimental material, their genomes, and number and status of the samples are given in Table 1. Wild materials were collected during 2 major periods, 1987 (K›z›ltan et al., 1990) and 1994-1998 (Karagöz, 1996), and several others. During the first mission, wild wheat material in areas lower than 550 m around Atatürk Dam was collected. During 1994-1998, almost all of the marginal areas of Ceylanp›nar State Farm, where elevation is 330- 550 m, were covered. In the meantime, wild wheat material in north and northeastern parts of Karacada¤ Mountain with an elevation range of 800-1600 m were also collected. Some of the previously collected wild wheat material of Eastern Anatolian origin was included in the study. Cultivated materials were collected from remote villages, where landraces have still not been
replaced by modern cultivars. Data on the place of origin and altitude of the populations are given in Table 2.
Among the populations tested, Ae. tauschii Coss. var. meyeri (Griseb. ex Ledeb.) samples were collected from fianlıurfa province. This species of the genus Aegilops has not been described in the flora of Turkey and is characterized for the first time in this study.
Seeds of the material were germinated in the greenhouse in September 2001 and transplanted at Haymana-Ankara Research Farm of the Central Research Institute for Field Crops in October 2001. Each plot was 3 m long; distance between rows was 35 cm and between plants was 20 cm (Delacy et al., 2000: Karagöz and Zencirci, 2005; Zencirci and Karagöz, 2005). Plots were not replicated. The material was characterized for the following 5 major discriminating characters (IBPGR, 1978; IBPGR, 1985) during 2002.
Plant height: from ground level to end of spike excluding awns at maturity (cm).
Days to heading: number of days when 50% of the plants of each plot headed (Jan. 1 = 1).
Growth habit: 1: upright, 3: semi prostrate, 5: prostrate
Table 1. Scientific name of the experimental material, number and status of the samples.
Status
Scientific name
Section of Aegilops spp.
Abbreviation
Genome
No. of populations
Aegilops speltoides Tausch var. speltoides Aegilops speltoides Tausch var. ligustica (Savign.) Fiori. Aegilops biuncialis Vis. Aegilops columnaris Zhuk. Aegilops triuncialis L. Aegilops neglecta Req. ex Bertol. Aegilops umbellulata Zhuk. Aegilops crassa Boiss. Aegilops tauschii Coss. var. meyeri (Griseb. ex Ledeb.) Aegilops vavilovii (Zhuk.) Chennav Triticum monococcum L. subsp. aegilopoides (Link) Thell. Triticum urartu Tum. ex. Gand. Triticum turgidum L. subsp. dicoccoides (Körn. ex Asch. & Graebn.) Triticum turgidum L. subsp. dicoccon (Schrank) Thell. Triticum monococcum L. subsp. monococcum
Ae. speltoides Ae. ligustica Ae. biuncialis Ae. columnaris Ae. triuncialis Ae. neglecta Ae. umbellulata Ae. crassa
Ae. tauschii Ae. vavilovii T. aegilopoides T. urartu T. dicoccoides T. dicoccon T. monococcum
S
S UM UM UC UM, UMUn U DM D DMS A A AB AB A
14 9 11 16 22 2 14 2 2 2 3 2 13 8 4
Sitopsis Sitopsis
Aegilops Aegilops Aegilops Aegilops Aegilops Vertabrata Vertabrata Vertabrata -
- - - -
Wild Wild Wild Wild Wild Wild Wild Wild Wild Wild Wild Wild Wild Cultivated Cultivated
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Agro-Morphological Characterization of Some Wild Wheat (Aegilops L. and Triticum L.) Species
Table 2. Data on place of origin and altitude of the populations.
No. Pop. No. Species Province Alt. (m)
No. Pop. No. Species Province Alt. (m)
1 TUR 00047 2 TUR 00051 3 TUR 00102 4 TUR 00307 5 TUR 00385 6 TUR 00407 7 TUR 00483 8 TUR 00633 9 TUR 00788 10 TUR 01406 11 TUR 01615 12 TUR 00015 13 TUR 00053 14 TUR 00110 15 TUR 00211 16 TUR 00227 17 TUR 00319 18 TUR 00674 19 TUR 00772 20 TUR 00773 21 TUR 00794 22 TUR 00814 23 TUR 00936 24 TUR 01000 25 TUR 01134 26 TUR 01178 27 TUR 00358 28 TUR 01161 29 TUR 02605 30 TUR 02554 31 TUR 02770 32 TUR 00002 33 TUR 00103 34 TUR 00252 35 TUR 00343 36 TUR 00366 37 TUR 00402 38 TUR 00430 39 TUR 00454 40 TUR 00544 41 TUR 00569 42 TUR 00632 43 TUR 00728 44 TUR 00879 45 TUR 01037 46 TUR 01098 47 TUR 01177 48 TUR 01257 49 TUR 01396 50 TUR 01407 51 TUR 01687 52 TUR 01776 53 TUR 01778 54 TUR 00066 55 TUR 00983 56 TUR 00223 57 TUR 00224 58 TUR 00270 59 TUR 00355 60 TUR 00417 61 TUR 00708 62 TUR 00729
Ae. biuncialis Ae. biuncialis Ae. biuncialis Ae. biuncialis Ae. biuncialis Ae. biuncialis Ae. biuncialis Ae. biuncialis Ae. biuncialis Ae. biuncialis Ae. biuncialis Ae. columnaris Ae. columnaris Ae. columnaris Ae. columnaris Ae. columnaris Ae. columnaris Ae. columnaris Ae. columnaris Ae. columnaris Ae. columnaris Ae. columnaris Ae. columnaris Ae. columnaris Ae. columnaris Ae. columnaris Ae. columnaris Ae. crassa
Ae. crassa Ae. tauschii Ae. tauschii Ae. triuncialis Ae. triuncialis Ae. triuncialis Ae. triuncialis Ae. triuncialis Ae. triuncialis Ae. triuncialis Ae. triuncialis Ae. triuncialis Ae. triuncialis Ae. triuncialis Ae. triuncialis Ae. triuncialis Ae. triuncialis Ae. triuncialis Ae. triuncialis Ae. triuncialis Ae. triuncialis Ae. triuncialis Ae. triuncialis Ae. triuncialis Ae. triuncialis Ae. neglecta Ae. neglecta Ae. umbellulata Ae. umbellulata Ae. umbellulata Ae. umbellulata Ae. umbellulata Ae. umbellulata Ae. umbellulata
Ad›yaman 410 Ad›yaman 410 Ad›yaman 400 Ad›yaman 585 Ad›yaman 455 Ad›yaman 470 Ad›yaman 450 Ad›yaman 590 fianl›urfa 475 fianl›urfa 525 fianl›urfa 450 Ad›yaman 410 Ad›yaman 410 Ad›yaman 630 Ad›yaman 415 Ad›yaman 540 Ad›yaman 585 Ad›yaman 655 fianl›urfa 475 fianl›urfa 485 fianl›urfa 455 fianl›urfa 580 fianl›urfa 485 fianl›urfa 525 fianl›urfa 475 fianl›urfa 550 Ad›yaman 480 fianl›urfa 475 fianl›urfa 480 fianl›urfa 480 fianl›urfa 400 Ad›yaman 410 Ad›yaman 400 Ad›yaman 530 Ad›yaman 515 Ad›yaman 480 Ad›yaman 470 Ad›yaman 595 Ad›yaman 540 Ad›yaman 530 Ad›yaman 575 Ad›yaman 590 Ad›yaman 475 fianl›urfa 550 fianl›urfa 510 fianl›urfa 475 fianl›urfa 550 fianl›urfa 525 fianl›urfa 575 fianl›urfa 525 fianl›urfa 550 fianl›urfa 825 fianl›urfa 850 Ad›yaman 400 fianl›urfa 445 Ad›yaman 540 Ad›yaman 550 Ad›yaman 555 Ad›yaman 515 Ad›yaman 595 Ad›yaman 830 Ad›yaman 475
63 TUR 01036 64 TUR 01072 65 TUR 01577 66 TUR 01769 67 TUR 00787 68 TUR 02220 69 TUR 02632 70 TUR 01214 71 TUR 01248 72 TUR 00488 73 TUR 00623 74 TUR 00634 75 TUR 00903 76 TUR 01523 77 TUR 01636 78 TUR 01690 79 TUR 01725 80 TUR 01765 81 TUR 02556 82 TUR 02764 83 TUR 02785 84 TUR 03425 85 TUR 03499 86 TUR 00301 87 TUR 02210 88 TUR 02774 89 TUR 03387 90 TUR 03352 91 TUR 03354 92 TUR 03355 93 TUR 03374 94 TUR 03384 95 TUR 02440 96 TUR 02453 97 TUR 02456 98 TUR 03558 99 TUR 03560 100 TUR 03562 101 TUR 03564 102 TUR 03565 103 TUR 00842 104 TUR 02637 105 TUR 03346 106 TUR 03358 107 TUR 03362 108 TUR 03369 109 TUR 03371 110 TUR 03376 111 TUR 03388 112 TUR 03391 113 TUR 03396 114 TUR 03399 115 TUR 03402 116 TUR 00241 117 TUR 00741 118 TUR 00803 119 TUR 02412 120 TUR 03559 121 TUR 03561 122 TUR 03563 123 TUR 00734 124 TUR 00853
Ae. umbellulata Ae. umbellulata Ae. umbellulata Ae. umbellulata Ae. umbellulata Ae. umbellulata Ae. umbellulata Ae. vavilovii Ae. vavilovii Ae. speltoides Ae. speltoides Ae. speltoides Ae. speltoides Ae. speltoides Ae. speltoides Ae. speltoides Ae. speltoides Ae. speltoides Ae. speltoides Ae. speltoides Ae. speltoides Ae. speltoides Ae. speltoides Ae. ligustica Ae. ligustica Ae. ligustica Ae. ligustica Ae. ligustica Ae. ligustica Ae. ligustica Ae. ligustica Ae. ligustica
T. dicoccon T. dicoccon T. dicoccon T. dicoccon T. dicoccon T. dicoccon T. dicoccon T. dicoccon T. dicoccoides T. dicoccoides T. dicoccoides T. dicoccoides T. dicoccoides T. dicoccoides T. dicoccoides T. dicoccoides T. dicoccoides T. dicoccoides T. dicoccoides T. dicoccoides T. dicoccoides T. aegilopoides T. aegilopoides T. aegilopoides T. monococcum T. monococcum T. monococcum T. monococcum T. urartu
T. uratru
fianl›urfa 510 fianl›urfa 475 fianl›urfa 560 Ad›yaman 800 Ad›yaman 475 Erzincan 1110 fianl›urfa 400 fianl›urfa 500 fianl›urfa 525 Ad›yaman 460 Ad›yaman 620 Ad›yaman 590 fianl›urfa 575 fianl›urfa 525 fianl›urfa 485 fianl›urfa 550 fianl›urfa 600 fianl›urfa 800 fianl›urfa 450 Adana 1100 Gaziantep 850 Hatay 900 fianl›urfa 480 Ad›yaman 585 Erzincan 1180 fianl›urfa 450 Diyarbak›r 800 Diyarbak›r 750 Diyarbak›r 775 Diyarbak›r 790 Diyarbak›r 800 Diyarbak›r 800 Sinop 1100 Sinop 1200 Sinop 1000 Sinop 1100 Kastamonu 1200 Kastamonu 1200 Kastamonu 1100 Kastamonu 1050 fianl›urfa 580 fianl›urfa 480 Diyarbak›r 750 Diyarbak›r 725 Diyarbak›r 750 Diyarbak›r 740 Diyarbak›r 740 Diyarbak›r 750 Diyarbak›r 700 Diyarbak›r 700 Diyarbak›r 700 Diyarbak›r 690 Diyarbak›r 690 Ad›yaman 650 Ad›yaman 570 fianl›urfa 530 Sinop 800 Karabük 1020 Kastamonu 1150 Karabük 1020 Ad›yaman 570 fianl›urfa 590
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A. KARAGÖZ, N. P‹LANALI, T. POLAT
Number of stems: counted at maturity Spike length: length of spikes excluding awns at
maturity (mm).
Observations were performed on 5 randomly taken plants from each population. Variety specific characteristics such as spike density, and awnedness were not taken into consideration since there was no variation in such characteristics. Likewise, days to maturity trait was also discarded because of its high similarity with days to heading.
Mean, standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV), and range were computed for each population by means of the Tarist statistical program; and cluster analysis based on a Euclidian similarity matrix was computed on average values of populations by means of the Minitab statistical program. The similarity dendrogram for the species is given in Figure 1.
Results and Discussion
Depending on the size of samples, noticeable variation was found for plant height, growth habit, number of stems, and spike length. The observed variation implies that populations could provide a variety of genotypes for further studies. Very high CV values have been obtained in some of the characteristics such as growth habit, number of stems, and spike length. Dotlacil et al. (2000) considered a minimum 10% CV a sign of wide diversity in wheat landraces and obsolete varieties. Values obtained in each trait are given below:
Plant height:
Plant height is an important characteristic in wheat breeding. Modern high yielding wheat cultivars are shorter than landraces and old cultivars. A wide range of variation was observed in Ae. speltoides, Ae. columnaris and Ae. umbellulata species, with CV values above 10%
T. aegilopoides T. urartu T. monococcum T. dicoccoides T. dicoccon
Ae. ligustica Ae. aucheri Ae. vavilovü Ae. tauschü Ae. crassa Ae. triuncialis Ae. columnaris Ae. neglecta Ae. umbellulata Ae. biuncialis
Triticum
Sitopsis
Vertebrata
Aegilops
64 76 88 100
Figure 1. Cluster analysis based on a Euclidian similarity matrix for the species.
391
Agro-Morphological Characterization of Some Wild Wheat (Aegilops L. and Triticum L.) Species
(Table 3). The mean values given by Kün (1979) are a few centimeters shorter than our figures, and totally harmonious in Ae. ligustica. Our figures are compatible with those given by Peflkircio¤lu (1996) for Ae. triuncialis and Ae. umbellulata, and comparable for A. columnaris, Ae. biuncialis and Ae. neglecta. Our values for T. aegilopoides, T. urartu and T. dicoccoides are higher than Peflkircio¤lu’s (1996) findings and generally shorter than Van Slageren’s (1990) figures except for Ae. speltoides populations. Differences in plant height figures are supposed to have been caused by the origin of the samples.
Among the T. dicoccoides samples, fianlıurfa origin material formed a separate cluster, with lower plant height values. Wild wheat material taken from lower elevations of Karacada¤ is considerably taller than the others. Damania (1993) reported a similar trend in T. dicoccoides, i.e. robust early maturing types are growing in warmer habitats and more slender later blooming types at higher elevations.
Our findings are in harmony with those reported by Humeid et al. (1988) for Aegilops species. In the meantime, Turkish origin T. dicoccoides samples tested in Syria were 23.0 cm shorter than those in Turkey. The lack of information about the collecting sites does not allow us to make any meaningful comment about this.
Extreme values for this trait were observed for Ae. umbellulata and T. urartu (Table 3). Among the Aegilops species, the highest variation was observed in Ae. umbellulata. Regarding the Triticum species, wild material was taller than the cultivated material (Table 3). Mean values for this trait were the smallest for the section Aegilops, followed by Vertebrata and Sitopsis. Very close values were observed in Sitopsis material for this trait (Table 4).
Days to heading:
Under favorable conditions, a longer vegetation period suggested higher yield, but, in areas like Central Anatolia where a dry period is inevitable after spring, earliness of the cultivated material is becoming more important. The lowest SD and CV values were detected for this trait (Table 3). This implies that variation among the population was not large enough for days to heading.
Noticeable populations for this trait were TUR 03391 (T. dicoccoides) (175 days), TUR 01636 (187 days) and TUR 01690 (Ae. speltoides) (187 days), and TUR 00366
and TUR 01687 (Ae. triuncialis) (190 days) for late heading; and TUR 00842 and TUR 02637 (T. dicoccoides) (155 days) for early heading
Vertebrata species were the earliest ones, followed by Aegilops and Sitopsis. Wild Triticum species were a few days earlier than the cultivated ones (Table 3). Ae. crassa was the earliest species, followed by Ae. tauschii. Tall growing species seemed to have headed latest of all. The highest variation was observed in Ae. speltoides.
Heading time of all the species is totally compatible with those reported by Kün (1979) and Peflkircio¤lu (1996). A larger range was observed in Ae. triuncialis, Ae. speltoides and Ae. columnaris (Table 3). A similar trend was reported for Ae. triuncialis and Ae. umbellulata by Kün (1979). In comparison with the results of wild wheat evaluation studies conducted in Syria, Ae. tauschii samples were 2 days earlier in Ankara conditions, while Ae. columnaris, Ae. vavilovii, Ae. biuncialis, Ae. neglecta and Ae. triuncialis samples were 10.6-30.6 days later for heading (Van Slageren and Sweid, 1991). Contrasting results have been reported by Humeid et al. (1998) and Van Slageren and Sweid (1991). Ae. triuncialis was reported to be the earliest heading by Van Slageren and Sweid (1991), while it was found to be the latest heading one by Humeid et al. (1988). Figures reported by van Slageren and Sweid (1991) are harmonious with our findings only in terms of order of heading time by species.
Among the Ae. triuncialis population samples, extreme values for this trait were observed in TUR 01396 (139 days) and TUR 01687 (190 days). Both of the populations were collected from nearby habitats at almost the same altitudes. Remarkable variations among the neighboring populations suggest significant genetic differences between them.
Growth habit:
Among the characters observed, the highest variation was observed in growth habit, with 0.00% to 55.98% CV values. All the Triticum species excluding T. dicoccoides were upright. Ae. ligustica was almost upright, while Ae. speltoides was near semiprostrate. Ae. tauschii was prostrate. The rest of the Aegilops material ranked between near semiprostrate (Ae. triuncialis) and near prostrate (Ae. biuncialis) (Table 3).
Ae. columnaris, Ae. ligustica and T. dicoccoides showed a high degree of variation for this characteristic,
392
A. KARAGÖZ, N. P‹LANALI, T. POLAT
Table3. Mean,minimum,maximum,SDandCVforplantheight,daystoheading,growthhabit,numberofstems and spike length of the species.
Species Plant Days to Growth Number Spike height heading habit of stems length
Mean 77.23
SD 2.15 Ae. speltoides CV 10.40
160.41 2.26 3.27 0.34 7.63 55.98
68.96 3.97 21.56
128.81 6.38 18.53
Min. 46 144 1 22 72 Max. 105 187 5 170 185
Mean 76.31
SD 1.80 Ae. ligustica CV 7.08
152.07 1.47 1.98 0.20 3.91 40.91
60.18 8.69 43.33
95.22 3.26 10.28
Min. 64 140 1 12 67 Max 105 161 3 203 145
Mean 39.07
SD 1.08 Ae. biuncialis CV 9.15
148.47 4.18 1.60 0.35 3.58 2.92
58.24 2.97 16.94
34.58 1.08 10.32
Min. 27 143 3 30 23 Max 55 158 5 102 45
Mean 41.49
SD 1.28 Ae. columnaris CV 12.29
153.44 3.93 2.02 0.30 5.27 40.24
74.01 4.57 24.71
43.40 4.24 39.08
Min. 24 140 1 27 25 Max 54 175 5 198 111
Mean 37.00
SD 1.40 Ae. neglecta CV 5.35
158.90 3.00 47.40 31.40 1.90 0.00 0.40 0.80 1.69 0.00 1.19 3.60
Min. 22 157 3 21 26 Max. 41 174 3 67 37
Mean 44.92
SD 0.96 Ae. triuncialis CV 9.98
154.27 3.42 1.96 0.17 5.96 23.54
68.23 5.55 38.18
58.16 2.28 18.36
Min. 30 139 3 15 25 Max 53 190 5 175 79
Mean 30.49
SD 8.89 Ae. umbellulata CV 10.97
151.86 3.83 1.72 0.32 4.24 30.79
59.69 5.13 32.14
28.47 1.45 19.03
Min. 21 140 3 21 18 Max 54 159 5 133 45
Mean 41.90
SD 1.10 Ae. crassa CV 3.71
Min. 32 Max 50
137.20 3.00 10.60 67.10 0.40 0.00 0.40 0.10 0.41 0.00 5.34 0.21
135 3 7 54 138 3 15 79
393
Agro-Morphological Characterization of Some Wild Wheat (Aegilops L. and Triticum L.) Species
Table3. Mean,minimum,maximum,SDandCVforplantheight,daystoheading,growthhabit,numberofstems and spike length of the species (continued).
Species Plant Days to Growth Number Spike height heading habit of stems length
Mean 38.10
SD 2.10 Ae. tauschii CV 7.79
140.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
28.50 75.50 8.50 1.50 42.18 2.81
Min. 31 140 5 12 64 Max 62 140 5 73 88
Mean 49.80
SD 0.60 Ae. vavilovii CV 1.70
142.40 3.00 1.20 0.00 1.19 0.00
24.50 110.00 6.30 4.40 36.37 5.66
Min. 47 140 3 12 66 Max 55 144 3 78 135
Mean 109.40
SD 6.16 T. aegilopoides CV 9.75
159.33 1.00 1.38 0.00 1.50 0.00
27.67 2.71 16.96
133.60 9.53 12.35
Min. 43 155 1 11 93 Max 132 162 1 67 173
Mean 119.70
SD 3.50 T. urartu CV 4.14
159.60 1.00 0.60 0.00 0.53 0.00
25.00 103.50 5.80 4.90 32.81 6.70
Min. 103 151 1 17 95 Max 134 165 1 35 115
Mean 88.68
SD 2.36 T. dicoccoides CV 9.61
162.02 1.92 21.74 96.68 1.01 0.23 1.24 3.40 2.24 42.78 20.51 12.70
Min. 50 Max 110 175 3 55 142
155 1 7 55
Mean 98.35
SD 7.26 T. monococcum CV 14.77
165.65 1.00 1.05 0.00 1.26 0.00
39.50 2.77 14.03
86.70 5.21 12.02
Min. 64 162 1 13 65 Max 113 169 1 79 98
Mean 81.70
SD 3.76 T. dicoccon CV 13.03
163.90 1.00 1.08 0.00 1.86 0.00
29.85 73.23 1.58 2.33 15.00 9.01
Min. 44 161 1 10 61 Max 112 170 1 65 90
394
A. KARAGÖZ, N. P‹LANALI, T. POLAT
395
Table 4. Mean, SD and CV values for Aegilops and Triticum groups.
Plant Height Days to heading
Mean SD CV Mean SD CV Mean
Growth habit
SD CV
1.12 57.55 1.21 31.78 1.03 28.17
0.87 25.74 0.00 00.00
No. of stems Spike length
Mean SD CV Mean SD CV
Aegilops groups
Triticum groups
Sitopsis 76.77 7.1 9.11 Aegilops 38.59 6.0 16.78 Vertebrata 43.27 7.21 15.78
Wild 105.93 9.85 9.85 Cultivated 90.03 13.03 15.36
156.24 153.39 139.87
160.32 164.78
11.04 7.03 7.80 5.12 3.41 2.41
2.45 1.53 3.81 2.31
1.86 3.49 3.67
1.31 1.00
64.57 19.93 61.51 32.09 20.70 40.42
30.47 22.71 34.68 34.68
30.41 32.09 40.42
67.25 18.60
112.02 25.54 39.20 15.98 84.46 24.30
111.26 18.45 79.96 9.56
22.08 36.51 30.37
14.49 12.44
Agro-Morphological Characterization of Some Wild Wheat (Aegilops L. and Triticum L.) Species
with CV values over 40% (Table 3). Regarding the collection sites, Ae. columnaris (TUR 00110) and Ae. speltoides (TUR 03499) samples were the most variable ones, with this character ranking from 1 to 5. fianlıurfa origin materials were generally semiprostrate. Significant variation was also observed in T. dicoccoides samples. All of the cultivated Triticum species were upright, while wild ones were close to upright. Among the Aegilops species, the section Sitopsis was close to upright while the sections Aegilops and Vertebrata were almost semiprostrate (Table 4).
The materials collected on Karacada¤ Mountain in Diyarbakır province were the most variable ones, ranking between 1 and 3. This is mainly due to the altitudes of the collecting sites. Material from lower elevation areas tended to be more upright. Our observations are compatible with those reported by Damania (1993) in this regard. High degree of CV values and considerable differences between the populations collected from relatively nearby areas are an indication of genetic diversity between populations. Therefore, in areas with very high genetic diversity it is worth collecting from very close distances. Our findings are compatible with those published by Peflkircio¤lu (1996), except for minor differences caused by the index used for scoring.
Number of stems:
This is rather an important characteristic for sustainability of species in the wild, since the number of stems is related to the number of spikes and consequently the number of seeds produced by each species. Among the accessions, the most remarkable ones were TUR 01636 (Ae. speltoides), TUR 00301 and TUR 02210 (Ae. ligustica), and TUR 01776 (Ae. triuncialis) for their high tillering capacity; and TUR 00307 (Ae. biuncialis) and TUR 00053 (Ae. columnaris) for their low number of tillers. T. dicoccoides populations TUR 00842 and TUR 02637 also showed higher tillering capacity than the others.
There was very high degree of variation in this trait for all species except Ae. crassa and Ae. neglecta (Table 3). It is generally the case that members of the section Vertebrata are not abundant in nature and they are also a difficult section for collecting sufficient amount of seeds, because of the scarcity of the stems they produce. What is observed in situ has also been reflected in field conditions. Vertebrata species were the least productive
group in this regard, followed by wild and cultivated Triticum species. The most productive Aegilops sections were Aegilops and Sitopsis (Table 4).
Our findings were quite compatible with those reported by Peflkircio¤lu (1996) for section Aegilops and section Vertebrata species. Considerable differences were recorded for section Sitopsis and wild Triticum species between our findings and the references cited. Our figures were significantly higher than the values reported by Humeid et al. (1998) and Van Slageren and Sweid (1991). It is thought that the main difference is caused by the higher tillering capacity of Turkish material.
Spike length:
High variation was observed in all the species except for Ae. neglecta, Ae. crassa, Ae. vavilovii, Ae. tauschii and T. urartu. Extreme values were obtained in Ae. umbellulata, Ae. columnaris and Ae. speltoides species for this character. While Ae. neglecta and Ae. biuncialis were shorter than average, Ae. vavilovii and Ae. ligustica were the tallest heading ones (Table 3).
Among the Aegilops sections and Triticum groups, the section Sitopsis gave the highest values, followed by wild Triticum species. The section Aegilops gave the minimum average value. Cultivated Triticum group and section Vertebrata were ranked in between (Table 4).
Our findings were compatible with the figures reported by Kün (1979) and Peflkircio¤lu (1996) for Ae. ligustica, Ae. biuncialis, Ae. triuncialis and Ae. neglecta; and compatible with those given by Peflkircio¤lu (1996) for A. columnaris, Ae. umbellulata and T. urartu. In the rest of the material we observed higher values for all but Ae. crassa. The insufficient number of samples for Ae. crassa does not allow us to make a meaningful comment about it.
Cluster analysis based on a Euclidian similarity matrix for 5 characters ranked the species meaningfully (Figure 1). The dendrogram is compatible with diagrammatic representation sectional organization of Aegilops species (Van Slageren, 1994). Species of the section Aegilops were in the first cluster, followed by the sections Vertebrata and Sitopsis. The last cluster was formed by Triticum species. The highest similarity was observed between Ae. biuncialis and Ae. umbellulata (91.6%). Very high similarity values were detected between Ae. biuncialis and Ae. triuncialis (88.3%), Ae. columnaris and Ae. triuncialis (87.7%), Ae. crassa and Ae. tauschii
396
A. KARAGÖZ, N. P‹LANALI, T. POLAT
(85.5%), T. dicoccon and T. dicoccoides (82.2%), and Ae. speltoides and Ae. ligustica (71.7%).
As a result of this study, we can conclude that there was significant agro-morphological variation between the populations for the traits studied. The high degree of variation found in the material collected along short distances suggests that ex-situ conservation programs should take into consideration that fact by sampling over short distances in order to capture as much of the
variation as possible. Samples from certain parts of fianlıurfa and Adıyaman provinces as well as the whole of Karacada¤ Mountain and nearby areas should be collected and characterized in a systematic manner.
Acknowledgments
We sincerely appreciate the help of our colleagues Gülay Sa¤lam and Hale Sümen during the field research.
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